History Monkeypox Outbreak 2023

Introduction

The new monkeypox outbreak has sparked worldwide worry, with the greatest number of cases reported outside of Africa. The current monkeypox outbreak is the greatest ever documented outside of Africa. Over 16,000 cases had been recorded in 60 countries as of June 2, 2023. The bulk of instances have been documented in Europe, with the greatest cases occurring in the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal. The purpose of this page is to offer a complete review of monkeypox, including its causes, symptoms, preventative methods, and global reaction to the current outbreak. We can assist control the spread of monkeypox and preserve public health by knowing the virus's biology and implementing effective preventative efforts.

Source:- The Sun

History of Monkeypox

The history of monkeypox dates back to the mid-20th century when the first cases of the disease were identified in laboratory monkeys. Monkeypox is caused by the Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus responsible for smallpox. While smallpox has been eradicated, monkeypox continues to pose a threat to public health.

The earliest known human case of monkeypox was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The disease got its name because it was initially identified in monkeys kept for research purposes. However, subsequent investigations revealed that monkeys served as a zoonotic reservoir, transmitting the virus to humans through contact with their bodily fluids or through bites and scratches.

Monkeypox primarily affects people living in Central and West African countries, including Nigeria, Cameroon, and the DRC. Over the years, periodic outbreaks have occurred in these regions, with varying levels of severity. The disease gained international attention in 2003 when cases were detected outside of Africa, particularly in the United States. These cases were traced back to individuals who had direct contact with infected pet prairie dogs imported from Africa.

The transmission dynamics of monkeypox involve both human-to-human and animal-to-human spread. Person-to-person transmission occurs through close contact with respiratory secretions, bodily fluids, or contaminated objects. Outbreaks in human populations are often associated with handling infected animals, including rodents, primates, and other mammals.

Efforts to control monkeypox outbreaks involve surveillance, early detection, and isolation of cases. Vaccination with the smallpox vaccine (which provides cross-protection) can help prevent the disease or reduce its severity. However, routine vaccination against monkeypox is not recommended, as smallpox has been eradicated, and the risk of exposure to monkeypox remains relatively low outside endemic regions.

In recent years, the global spread of monkeypox has increased, with outbreaks occurring in several countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been actively monitoring and responding to these outbreaks, collaborating with national health authorities to strengthen surveillance and control measures.

In conclusion, the history of monkeypox spans several decades, with the disease primarily affecting Central and West African countries. Its transmission dynamics involve zoonotic reservoirs and person-to-person spread. Ongoing surveillance and collaboration are essential to effectively manage and control monkeypox outbreaks, mitigating the impact on public health.